Wednesday, January 14, 2009

about PC and software





operating-system-selection-on-boot

If you have more then one OS installed on your computer, but you don’t use it very often, then you would probably want to boost up the startup by skiping the OS selection screen.

First make sure your windows is set not to hide “protected oporating system files” (by going to Control Panel\Folder Options\View tab, and ucheck the “hide protected oporating system files” checkbox)

Edit the boot.ini file in your c: drive, so that the timeout value will be “0″ (timeout=0)

This will make your pc skip the os selection menu on startup.

If you ever want to use your other os you can change the value back to what it was in the first place.

faster-startup-of-windows-xp

If your computer takes a long time to become useable after starting up or logging on, or you want a clean boot of Winodws XP try this,

Click Start > Run > Type “msconfig” > On the Startup tab click Disable All and on the Services tab check the Hide All Microsoft Service box and then click Disable All.

Click Restart and Windows XP will restart with only the system services and applications running resulting in a vey fast logon / startup.
*******

N.B This tweak will disable all non-system startup sevices and applications,

so if you have anything you want to run in the background such as anti virus software do not disable that item.

dress-down-for-speed

The default Windows XP visuals look pretty but they do nothing for system speed; in fact some of them can slow your PC down quite noticeably.

Not all of the fancy fripperies are bad, though, and you can still keep the XP look and feel without sacrificing too much performance.

Here’s how, go to Start > Control Panel > System, select the Advanced tab then click the Settings button under Performance. For the best compromise between speed and appearance uncheck everything except:

- Show shadows under menus

- Show shadows under mouse pointer

- Show translucent selection rectangle

- Use drop shadows for icons labels on the desktop

- Use visual styles on windows and buttons

Click Apply and OK to exit the dialogue box and your new visual settings will be applied.


what-is-windows-messenger-service-how-to-stop-windows-messenger

There are two messenger services available for Windows and Internet users. They are Windows Messenger Service and Instant Messaging.

Instant Messenger is used to chat, call, share files, video conference, send SMS messages between two internet users.

Windows Messenger is used to just send messages between two users in the network.

This article is about Windows Messenger Service not about Instant messaging. We will discuss how we can stop the Windows Messenger Service that can be really troublesome at times.

Is Windows Messenger Service problematic?

Yes. A total stranger can use Windows Messenger Service to send you a message. When you are seriously engaged in your work, a pop window will suddently appear in your window. You will see the message sent by the stranger. The title bar of the pop window will show ‘Messenger Service’.

Users of Windows 98/ME/2000/NT/XP will have this Windows Messenger Service. The person who send these messages over internet may not even know who you are. Likewise you too may not know who sent these messages.

To play hide and seek like this Windows Messenger Service is used. You do not need any special skills to send these messages. Even new computer users can send these messages. The Windows messenger service is so easy to use.

They may send messages that threaten as if your computer has been infected by a virus. Or a message that sends advertisements. It may even prompt you to change passwords by clicking on a link and taking you to another website. Or the message can be just about anything.

If you can stop the windows messenger service in your computer then you can prevent all these pop up windows from your computer. If required you can bring back windows messenger service anytime later.

How to Stop Windows Messenger Service?

For those Windows 98 users and Windows ME users, sorry you cannot stop this windows messenger service in your computer.

To stop Windows Messenger service in Windows NT

1. Click on Start->Control Panel
2. Double click the ‘Administrative tools’ icon.
3. Click on the ‘Services’ icon and double click the ‘Messenger’
4. In the ‘Messenger Properties’ window select the ‘Stop’ option
5. In the ‘Startup type’ option select the ‘Disable’ option
6. Click on OK

To stop Windows Messenger in Windows 2000

1. Click on Start->Settings->Control Panel
2. Click on the ‘Administrative tools’
3. Click on ‘Services’
4. Scroll down and find the ‘Messenger’ service and click on properties command
5. Click on ‘Stop’ button
6. In the Startup type select ‘Disable’
7. Click on ‘OK’

To stop Windows Messenger Service in Windows XP Home edition

1. Click on Start=>settings=>Control Panel
2. Click on ‘Performance and Maintenance’
3. Click on the ‘Administrative Tools’
4. Click on ‘Services’
5. Scroll down and choose the ‘Messenger’ and right click and select ‘Properties’
6. Click on ‘Stop’
7. In the ‘Startup type’ select ‘Disable’.

To stop Windows Messenger Service in Windows XP Professional

1. Click on Start=>settings=>Control Panel
2. Click on the ‘Administrative Tools’
3. Click on ‘Services
4. Scroll down and choose the ‘Messenger’ and right click and select ‘Properties’
5. Click on ‘Stop’
6. In the ‘Startup type’ select ‘Disable’.

Congratulations you have successfully stopped your Windows Messenger Service. Now you will not get those annoying pop windows from strangers anymore.

some windows error messages and means to avoid

While we working in computer you may get a black blank screen withwhite words at that time we get confusion about, whether the file,which is not saved, may get erased so we restart the system. At thattime we won’t get tension just read the message and follow the action.These errors are happening with out the CPU knowledge, some of theerrors and reasons and how to avoid this are given below.

This program is not responding End now cancel

Thesetypes of errors are occurring while we get transfer the data’sfrequently from program to computer. If the program got crash means yougot the message as End now/ Cancel. These errors are occurs on old typeof computers. When we use our pcs on hard task we got this message atthat time you may click Cancel and got continue on program else pressEnd Now and got close the program and open once again it to work.

Non system disk or disk error. Replace and press any key when ready

Whencomputer can’t get read the booting disk at the time you got this errormessage. If you may not take the floppy from the CPU means you may gothis problem. So you would take away the system and restart the system.If you wont get cure means switch off the current and open the CPUcabin and find whether any cables get disconnected means connect iteven though you may no got cure means bring your computer to a hardwaremechanic.

An Exception OE has occurred

Foreach program it may need memory these memory are allocated by thecomputer automatically. When a program access the unauthorized memorythese type of errors are displayed, if you got these type of errorsfrequently occur means you may get delete the recently installed fileeither if we change any setup means re modify it. This process iscalled as System Restore.

An error has occurred in your programto keep working anyway, click ignore and save your work to a new file.To quit this program click close.

If you got any bug errors onrunning program mean you got these message. You may also continuerunning the program even these error displayed now you give ignore andsave the file into new name. Because the old file can be get corrupt.

Duplicate name exists

Thesetype of message displays on the networking, because in network eachsystem contain separate names so if any tow system have same name meansit will display it. Without the separate we wont access the network atonce you right click the My computer icon and select Computer name=> change and give the new name to it and use the computer.

A runtime error has occurred. Do you wish to debug?

Yougot these message while using internet explorer these error are happendue to the website that you have accessing it. You wont debug itdebugging is software developer work. If you want to avoid thismessages means do the following steps. Go to Tools => Internetoptions => Advanced => Browsing => Disable script debuggingand put a tick mark on it

The margins of section … are set outside the printable area of the page. Do you want to continue? in Word

Someprinters work print on full page they take margin space on four types.If you got about message in Microsoft word means please give No and goto document page setup and change the margin and paper size and alsoview print preview before printing through this way we can avoid thiserror.


turn-off-indexing-to-speed-up-xp

Windows XP keeps a record of all files on the hard disk so when you do a search on the hard drive it is faster.

There is a downside to this and because the computer has to index all files, it will slow down normal file commands like open, close, etc.

If you do not do a whole lot of searches on your hard drive then I suggest turnning this feature off:

1. Control Panel

2. Administrative Tools

3. Services

4. Disable Indexing Service

adjust-graphics-for-speed

Windows XP has a lot of new cool looking visual elements, however, those new elements take up more RAM and cause your computer to be less responsive. By tweaking your graphics settings, you can increase the performance of your computer.

To get started, Let’s reduce the color quality. This setting determines how many colors are displayed on your screen.

1. Right click on your desktop and select properties.

2. Click on the settings tab and adjust the color quality drop down box to Medium (16 Bit).

3. Click OK.

Next, let’s use the windows performance settings to optimize your computer for performance. This will revert back to the old Windows 2000 look as well as take away a lot of the fancy graphics effects. However, if you are really into performance, this is the price you have to pay.

1. Right click on the My Computer icon on your desktop or in your start panel and select properties.

2. Next, Click on the Advanced tab and hit the setting button under performance.

3. On the visual effects tab, select Adjust for Best Performance and hit OK.

4. Hit OK once more to exit system properties.

Now your computer will run slightly faster!


how-to-convert-a-fat-partition-to-ntfs

To convert a FAT partition to NTFS, perform the following steps.

Click Start, click Programs, and then click Command Prompt.

In Windows XP, click Start, and then click Run.


At the command prompt, type CONVERT [driveletter]: /FS:NTFS.

Convert.exe will attempt to convert the partition to NTFS.

NOTE: Although the chance of corruption or data loss during the conversion from FAT to NTFS is minimal, it is best to perform a full backup of the data on the drive that it is to be converted prior to executing the convert command. It is also recommended to verify the integrity of the backup before proceeding, as well as to run RDISK and update the emergency repair disk (ERD).


Convert.exe will attempt to convert the partition to NTFS


disable-cd-autorun


Click Start, Run and enter GPEDIT.MSC

2) Go to Computer Configuration, Administrative Templates, System.

3) Locate the entry for Turn autoplay off and modify it as you desire.



boot-defragment

A very important feature in Microsoft Windows XP is the ability to do a boot defragment.

This basically means that all boot files are placed next to each other on the disk drive to allow for faster booting.

By default this option is enabled but some upgrades could disable this feature.

to enable it :

1. Start Regedit.

2. Navigate to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\
SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Dfrg\BootOptimizeFunction

3. Select Enable from the list on the right.

4. Right on it and select Modify.

5. Change the value to Y to enable and N to disable.

6. Reboot your computer.


how-to-log-in-to-your-pc-when-you-have-forgotten-your-password

Windows XP didn’t give you a way to conveniently log in if you had forgotten your password and required you to go search for third-party tools. Fortunately, Vista allows you to easily create a “Password Reset” disk should you forget your login password. You can even use your iPod or USB memory disk as a computer key!

If you can do this on your own, just press Ctrl + Alt + Delete > Change a Password > Create a Password Reset Disk. Follow the step-by-step wizard and you’re all set.

If you want to follow this tutorial step-by-step, then create a Reset Disk following these steps instead.

1) Click on Start Pearl and type this in the Search bar: control.exe /name Microsoft.UserAccounts

or

Classic Control Panel View: Start > Control Panel > User Accounts

Normal Control Panel View: Start > Control Panel > User and Family Safety > User Accounts

2) Click on Create a Password Reset Disk on the left panel.

3) Click next and you will be asked to choose where you want your password key disk saved. I recommend you choose a form of removable media such as a floppy or a USB disk.

4) Make sure the selected disk is still in the drive, then enter your current user account password.

5) Click Next and let Windows do its thing.

Once you create the password disk, any other password disks you’ve created in the past won’t work anymore. You must use the one you have just created. So what do you do when you actually have forgotten your password? When you log in, purposely get your password wrong and click OK when you get prompted for a wrong password. Then a new link will appear at the bottom that says Reset Password. Click that and follow the step-by-step wizard to reset your password. You should have no problem at all getting back into Vista.

photoshop-shortcuts

Adobe® Photoshop® CS2 Keyboard Shortcuts
Application Menus
Command Shortcut
File
New... Ctrl+N
Open... Ctrl+O
Browse...
Alt+Ctrl+O
Shift+Ctrl+O
Open As... Alt+Shift+Ctrl+O
Edit in ImageReady Shift+Ctrl+M
Close Ctrl+W
Close All Alt+Ctrl+W
Close and Go To Bridge... Shift+Ctrl+W
Save Ctrl+S
Save As...
Shift+Ctrl+S
Alt+Ctrl+S
Save a Version...
Save for Web... Alt+Shift+Ctrl+S
Revert F12
Place...
Import>
Variable Data Sets...
Annotations...
WIA Support...
Export>
Data Sets as Files...
Paths to Illustrator...
Send Video Preview to Device
Video Preview...
ZoomView...
Automate>
Batch...
PDF Presentation...
Create Droplet...
Conditional Mode Change...
Contact Sheet II...
Crop and Straighten Photos
Fit Image...
Picture Package...
Web Photo Gallery...
Photomerge...
Merge to HDR...
Scripts>
Export Layers To Files
Image Processor
Layer Comps To Files
Layer Comps to PDF
Layer Comps toWPG
Script Events Manager
Browse...
File Info... Alt+Shift+Ctrl+I
Page Setup... Shift+Ctrl+P
Print with Preview... Alt+Ctrl+P
Print... Ctrl+P
Print One Copy Alt+Shift+Ctrl+P
Print Online...
Exit Ctrl+Q
Edit
Undo/Redo Ctrl+Z


showing-quick-launch-on-the-taskbar

If you have opened more than one program, you might like to display and use the Quick Launch bar. The Quick Launch bar makes it easy to access frequently used programs like Windows Media Player and your e-mail, and to open an Internet Explorer window. Windows XP loads several programs in the Quick Launch, including Show Desktop. One click on Show Desktop minimizes all the programs on your desktop. Another click restores them just as you'd left them.


What is taskbar?
Its the bar that contains the Start button and appears by default at the bottom of the desktop.

To show Quick Launch on the taskbar:

If the Quick Launch bar is not displayed, right-click an empty area on the taskbar and click Properties.

On the Taskbar tab, under Taskbar appearance, select the Show Quick Launch check box and click OK.

After Quick Launch is displayed, click Show Desktop to minimize all open programs.



excel-2007-shortcuts

Apply the outline
border to the selected cells. [ Ctrl-Shift-& ]
Apply the Date format
with the day, month, and year.[ Ctrl-Shift-# ]
Apply the Time format
with the hour and minute, and AM or PM. [ Ctrl-Shift-@ ]
Enter the current
time. [ Ctrl-Shift-: ]
Enter the current
date. [ Ctrl-; ]
Hide the selected
rows. [ Ctrl-9 ]
Hide the selected
columns. [ Ctrl-0 ]
Alternate between
displaying cell values and displaying formulas in the worksheet. [Ctrl-` ]

Display the Find and
Replace dialog box, with the Replace tab selected. [ Ctrl-H ]
Display the Insert
Hyperlink dialog box for new hyperlink. [ Ctrl-K ]
Display the Print
Preview window. [ Ctrl-F2 ]
Switch to the next
workbook window. [ Ctrl-F6 ]
Display the Macro
dialog box to create, run, edit, or delete a macro. [ Alt-F8 ]



special-start-up-screen-for-winxp

1- Right click on My computer and select properties

2- in properties applet click on advanced tab and then click on startup and recovery button.

3- click on edit button, then boot.ini will be loaded.

4- after "/fastdetect " press space and write "/SOS" without quotes.

after this editing the line shows as:

multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)WINDOWS="Micro soft Windows XP Professional" /fastdetect /SOS

5- then save this file and Restart Your Pc.

Dont be scare: it will not harm your pc. if you dont like this screen then simply repeat the same process only cut the editng " /SOS" and save the file.


10-reasons-why-pcs-crash-u-must-know

Fatal error: the system has become unstable or is busy," it says. "Enter to return to Windows or press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer. If you do this you will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."

You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Mcft Windows will be familiar with this. What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?

1 Hardware conflict

The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.

For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.

If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.

Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.

Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.

Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is internet. If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).

When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity.

To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.

2 Bad Ram

Ram (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.

But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.

One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.

Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.

EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.

3 BIOS settings

Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.

Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.

A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.

Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).

4 Hard disk drives

After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter

This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.

The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).

Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.

Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.

Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk

Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.

5 Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors

Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.

These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings

Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.

If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not have a hardware conflict. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager

Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.

If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything you do in case you make things worse.

The way to resolve a hardware conflict is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No Conflicts message.

Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics

Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a device).

Look up your video card's manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.

6 Viruses

Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs

Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.

A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.

An excellent antivirus programme is McAfee VirusScan by Network Associates. Another is Norton AntiVirus 2000, made by Symantec.

7 Printers

The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.

Printers have only a small amount of memory, called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded. Printing a document also uses a considerable amount of CPU power. This will also slow down the computer's performance.

If the printer is trying to print unusual characters, these might not be recognised, and can crash the computer. Sometimes printers will not recover from a crash because of confusion in the buffer. A good way to clear the buffer is to unplug the printer for ten seconds. Booting up from a powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore the printer's default settings and you may be able to carry on.

8 Software

A common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software. Often the problem can be cured by uninstalling the software and then reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall Shield to remove an application from your system properly. This will also remove references to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for a completely fresh copy.

The System Registry can be corrupted by old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use Reg Cleaner by Jouni Vuorio to clean up the System Registry and remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows 2000.

Read the instructions and use it carefully so you don't do permanent damage to the Registry. If the Registry is damaged you will have to reinstall your operating system. Reg Cleaner can be obtained from.

Often a Windows problem can be resolved by entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see the message "Starting Windows" press F4. This should take you into Safe Mode.

Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.

Sometimes installing Windows is difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If you keep getting SUWIN error messages (Windows setup) during the Windows installation, then try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU internal cache. Try to disable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn't work.

Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.

9 Overheating

Central processing units (CPUs) are usually equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat and generate a particular kind of error called a kernel error. This is a common problem in chips that have been overclocked to operate at higher speeds than they are supposed to.

One remedy is to get a bigger better fan and install it on top of the CPU. Specialist cooling fans/heatsinks are available from

CPU problems can often be fixed by disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the machine run more slowly, but it should also be more stable.

10 Power supply problems

With all the new construction going on around the country the steady supply of electricity has become disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a power cut.

If this has become a nuisance for you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a power cut.


set-monitor-refresh-rate

Every monitor has a maximum refresh rate it is capable of displaying at a given resolution (for example, a typical 17-inch monitor of a few years ago will happily crank out 85Hz or more at a resolution of 800x600, but may only be capable of 60Hz at 1600x1200).

If this refresh rate is exceeded, the image will be distorted and unusable.

Older CRT monitors, especially 15-inch or smaller ones, tend not to be capable of a refresh rate much over 60Hz, especially at resolutions greater than 640X480. Also, setting the refresh rate does not have the same effect on LCD or flat panel monitors, as their screens are not redrawn in the same way.

To change your monitor refresh rate:Right click on an empty space on your desktop (no icons) and select' properties.' Click the 'settings' tab and choose the 'advanced'button. Now choose the 'adaptor' tab and click the 'show all modes'button.

This presents you with a list of resolution, colour and refresh rate options that your video card monitor combination is capable of displaying. You can experiment with these settings by using the 'apply' button. Note that a refresh rate of 75Hz or above is generally recommended, (keep in mind most monitors do not support settings higher than 85Hz).

After you set the refresh rate, you may feel a little uncomfortable for a short while as your eyes adjust,but rest assured you will grow to appreciate the difference in ease of viewing


xp-delays-when-opening-folders

You might notice that when you open folders there is a slight delay between when you click them and when they open. This is because your computers automatically searching for network folders and printers every time something is opened.

Here are the steps to disable this:

1. Click Start
2. Click "My Computer"
3. Click "Tools" to pull down the Tools menu
4. Click "Folder Options"
5. Click the "View" tab
6. Uncheck the box next to where it says "Automatically search for network folders and printers"
7. Click "Apply"
8. Click "OK"


mozilla-firefox-shortcuts

* Ctrl + Tab or Ctrl + PageDown: Cycle through tabs.
* Ctrl + Shift + Tab or Ctrl + PageUp: Cycle through tabs in reverse.
* Ctrl + (1-9): Switch to tab corresponding to number.
* Ctrl + N: New window.
* Ctrl + T: New tab.
* Ctrl + L or Alt + D or F6: Switch focus to location bar.
* Ctrl + Enter: Open location in new tab.
* Shift + Enter: Open location in new window.
* Ctrl + K or Ctrl + E: Switch focus to search bar.
* Ctrl + O: Open a local file.
* Ctrl + W: Close tab, or window if there's only one tab open.
* Ctrl + Shift + W: Close window.
* Ctrl + S: Save page as a local file.
* Ctrl + P: Print page.
* Ctrl + F or F3: Open find toolbar.
* Ctrl + G or F3: Find next...
* Ctrl + Shift + G or Shift + F3: Find previous...
* Ctrl + B or Ctrl + I: Open Bookmarks sidebar.
* Ctrl + H: Open History sidebar.
* Escape: Stop loading page.
* Ctrl + R or F5: Reload current page.
* Ctrl + Shift + R or Ctrl + F5: Reload current page; bypass cache.
* Ctrl + U: View page source.
* Ctrl + D: Bookmark current page.
* Ctrl + NumpadPlus or Ctrl + Equals (+/=): Increase text size.
* Ctrl + NumpadMinus or Ctrl + Minus: Decrease text size.
* Ctrl + Numpad0 or Ctrl + 0: Set text size to default.
* Alt + Left or Backspace: Back.
* Alt + Right or Shift + Backspace: Forward.
* Alt + Home: Open home page.
* Ctrl + M: Open new message in integrated mail client.
* Ctrl + J: Open Downloads dialog.
* F6: Switch to next frame. You must have selected something on the page already, e.g. by use of Tab.
* Shift + F6: Switch to previous frame.
* Apostrophe ('): Find link as you type.
* Slash (/): Find text as you type.


gmail-shortcuts

Note: Must have "keyboard shortcuts" on in settings.
* C: Compose new message.
* Shift + C: Open new window to compose new message.
* Slash (/): Switch focus to search box.
* K: Switch focus to the next most recent email. Enter or "O" opens focused email.
* J: Switch focus to the next oldest email.
* N: Switch focus to the next message in the "conversation." Enter or "O" expands/collapses messages.
* P: Switch focus to the previous message.
* U: Takes you back to the inbox and checks for new mail.
* Y: Various actions depending on current view:
* Has no effect in "Sent" and "All Mail" views.
* Inbox: Archive email or message.
* Starred: Unstar email or message.
* Spam: Unmark as spam and move back to "Inbox."
* Trash: Move back to "Inbox."
* Any label: Remove the label.
* X: "Check" an email. Various actions can be performed against all checked emails.
* S: "Star" an email. Identical to the more familiar term, "flagging."
* R: Reply to the email.
* A: Reply to all recipients of the email.
* F: Forward an email.
* Shift + R: Reply to the email in a new window.
* Shift + A: Reply to all recipients of the email in a new window.
* Shift + F: Forward an email in a new window.
* Shift + 1 (!): Mark an email as spam and remove it from the inbox.
* G then I: Switch to "Inbox" view.
* G then S: Switch to "Starred" view.
* G then A: Switch to "All Mail" view.
* G then C: Switch to "Contacts" view.
* G then S: Switch to "Drafts" view.


control-panel-run-shortcuts

The Run dialog gives you easy access to many different programs and options. To get to the Run dialog, click the Start button, then click Run. Type in the command and press Enter, to launch it. For example, type "control folders" (without the quotes) in the Run dialog and press ENTER. Here is a list of commands to use, and what they do:

control - Control Panel
control folders - Folder Options
control userpasswords - User Accounts
control userpasswords2 - Advanced User Accounts
control desktop - Display Properties
control printers - Printers and Faxes
control mouse - Mouse Properties
control keyboard - Keyboard Properties
control netconnections - Network Connections
control color - Display Properties \ Screensaver
control date/time - Date and Time Properties
control schedtasks - Scheduled Tasks
control admintools - Administrative Tools
control telephony - Phone and Modem Options
control fonts - Fonts Folder
control international - Regional and Language


10-tips-for-google-image-search

Google Image Search could be used in many ways.

1. If you want to know if a person is a man or a woman and the name doesn't help, do a search for the name.

2. If you don't know the meaning of a word, the pictures may help you.

3. A better search for Flickr. Google uses information from other sites that link to Flickr photos, so you may find Google search better.

4. Find what's interesting about a site, by looking at the pictures included. For example: wired.com.

5. Find a new wallpaper for your desktop by restricting your search to large images. You can automate this using an application.

6. Find random personal pictures, using standard file names from digital cameras.

7. Type the name of a painter and you can take an art class.

8. Install a Greasemonkey script so you can view the original version of the image directly by clicking on the thumbnail.

9. Find the color of a word. "Word Color is a windows program that uses Google Image Search to determine the color of a word or string of words. It goes out there, retrieves the top 9 images and loops through all pixels, calculating the average hue, which is later converted to a color."

10. If you want to grab search results, GoogleGrab is a tool that downloads images from Google Image Search. It even supports batch search.




some-nice-information-for-laptop-users


minimize all loaded programs and windows
Windows Button + M
Show Desktop
Windows Button + D
Load Windows Explorer
Windows Button + E
Load Run Command Window
Windows Button + R
Open Start menu
Windows Button or Ctrl + Escape
Load Utility manager
Windows Button + U
Lock Windows
Windows Button + L
Show Windows Task Manager
Ctrl + Shift + Escape
Close any sub window
Ctrl + F4
Minimize any active program or window
Alt + Space + N
Maximize any active program or window
Alt + Space + X
Restore any active program or window
Alt + Space + R
Move any active program or window (active window must not in maximizedposition)
Alt + Space + M
Re size any active program or window (active window must not in maximizedposition)
Alt + Space + S
Capture only active window (You can paste it in Paint Brush or any otherprogram like Photoshop or Microsot Word etc.)
Alt + Print Screen
Switching between loaded softwares
Alt + Tab
Get properties of selected file
Alt + Enter
Right click
Shift + F10
1.) Windows Hotkeys
* Shift + F10 right-clicks.
* Win + L (XP Only): Locks keyboard. Similar to Lock Workstation.
* Win + F or F3: Open Find dialog. (All Files) F3 may not work in someapplications which use F3 for their own find dialogs.
* Win + Control + F: Open Find dialog. (Computers)
* Win + U: Open Utility Manager.
* Win + F1: Open Windows help.
* Win + Pause: Open System Properties dialog.
* Win + Tab: Cycle through taskbar buttons. Enter clicks, AppsKey or Shift +F10 right-clicks.
* Win + Shift + Tab: Cycle through taskbar buttons in reverse.
* Alt + Tab: Display CoolSwitch. More commonly known as the AltTab dialog.
* Alt + Shift + Tab: Display CoolSwitch; go in reverse.
* Alt + Escape: Send active window to the bottom of the z-order.
* Alt + Shift + Escape: Activate the window at the bottom of the z-order.
* Alt + F4: Close active window; or, if all windows are closed, open shutdowndialog.
* Shift while a CD is loading: Bypass AutoPlay.
* Shift while login: Bypass startup folder. Only those applications will beignored which are in the startup folder, not those started from the registry(MicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionRun)
* Ctrl + Alt + Delete or Ctrl + Alt + NumpadDel (Both NumLock states): Invokethe Task Manager or NT Security dialog.
* Ctrl + Shift + Escape (2000/XP ) or (Ctrl + Alt + NumpadDot) : Invoke thetask manager. On earlier OSes, acts like Ctrl + Escape.
* Printscreen: Copy screenshot of current screen to clipboard.
* Alt + Printscreen: Copy screenshot of current active window to clipboard.
* Ctrl + Alt + Down Arrow: Invert screen. Untested on OSes other than XP.
* Ctrl + Alt + Up Arrow: Undo inversion.
* Win + B : Move focus to systray icons.
2.) Generic
* Ctrl + C or Ctrl + Insert: Copy.
* Ctrl + X or Shift + Delete: Cut.
* Ctrl + V or Shift + Insert: Paste/Move.
* Ctrl + N: New... File, Tab, Entry, etc.
* Ctrl + S: Save.
* Ctrl + O: Open...
* Ctrl + P: Print.
* Ctrl + Z: Undo.
* Ctrl + A: Select all.
* Ctrl + F: Find...
* Ctrl+W : to close the current window
* Ctrl + F4: Close tab or child window.
* F1: Open help.
* F11: Toggle full screen mode.
* Alt or F10: Activate menu bar.
* Alt + Space: Display system menu. Same as clicking the icon on the titlebar.
* Escape: Remove focus from current control/menu, or close dialog box.
3.) Generic Navigation
* Tab: Forward one item.
* Shift + Tab: Backward one item.
* Ctrl + Tab: Cycle through tabs/child windows.
* Ctrl + Shift + Tab: Cycle backwards through tabs/child windows.
* Enter: If a button's selected, click it, otherwise, click default button.
* Space: Toggle items such as radio buttons or checkboxes.
* Alt + (Letter): Activate item corresponding to (Letter). (Letter) is theunderlined letter on the item's name.
* Ctrl + Left: Move cursor to the beginning of previous word.
* Ctrl + Right: Move cursor to the beginning of next word.
* Ctrl + Up: Move cursor to beginning of previous paragraph. This and allsubsequent Up/Down hotkeys in this section have only been known to work inRichEdit controls.
* Ctrl + Down: Move cursor to beginning of next paragraph.
* Shift + Left: Highlight one character to the left.
* Shift + Right: Highlight one character to the right.
* Shift + Up: Highlight from current cursor position, to one line up.
* Shift + Down: Highlight from current cursor position, to one line down.
* Ctrl + Shift + Left: Highlight to beginning of previous word.
* Ctrl + Shift + Right: Highlight to beginning of next word.
* Ctrl + Shift + Up: Highlight to beginning of previous paragraph.
* Ctrl + Shift + Down: Highlight to beginning of next paragraph.
* Home: Move cursor to top of a scrollable control.
* End: Move cursor to bottom of a scrollable control.
4.) Generic File Browser
* Arrow Keys: Navigate.
* Shift + Arrow Keys: Select multiple items.
* Ctrl + Arrow Keys: Change focus without changing selection. "Focus"is the object that will run on Enter. Space toggles selection of the focuseditem.
* (Letter): Select first found item that begins with (Letter).
* BackSpace: Go up one level to the parent directory.
* Alt + Left: Go back one folder.
* Alt + Right: Go forward one folder.
* Enter: Activate (Double-click) selected item(s).
* Alt + Enter: View properties for selected item.
* F2: Rename selected item(s).
* Ctrl + NumpadPlus: In a Details view, resizes all columns to fit the longestitem in each one.
* Delete: Delete selected item(s).
* Shift + Delete: Delete selected item(s); bypass Recycle Bin.
* Ctrl while dragging item(s): Copy.
* Ctrl + Shift while dragging item(s): Create shortcut(s).
* In tree pane, if any:
* Left: Collapse the current selection if expanded, or select the parentfolder.
* Right: Expand the current selection if collapsed, or select the firstsubfolder.
* NumpadAsterisk: Expand currently selected directory and all subdirectories.No undo.
* NumpadPlus: Expand currently selected directory.
* NumpadMinus: Collapse currently selected directory.
5.) Accessibility
* Right Shift for eight seconds: Toggle FilterKeys on and off. FilterKeys mustbe enabled.
* Left Alt + Left Shift + PrintScreen: Toggle High Contrast on and off. HighContrast must be enabled.
* Left Alt + Left Shift + NumLock: Toggle MouseKeys on and off. MouseKeys mustbe enabled.
* NumLock for five seconds: Toggle ToggleKeys on and off. ToggleKeys must beenabled.
* Shift five times: Toggle StickyKeys on and off. StickyKeys must be enabled.


speed-up-ur-acrobat-reader-almost-like-notepad

Dou get irritated when acrobat reader takes 5/10 seconds to load when youwant to open a pdf document. There is a way to speed up the loading.

1. Go to the installation folder of acrobat reader
(C:program filesadobeacrobatreader.. whatever)

2.Move all the files and folders from the "plugins" directory to the"Optional" directory. (I repeat.. cut and paste the files NOT copy& paste).

Also make sure that acrobat reader is not open else it will lock the files and not allow you to move the files).

Now your acrobat reader will load very fast
and almost as good as notepad..


run-commands

Friends,

How to start windows programs quickly with Run Command...?

The run option of Start menu is used to run a program or to open a document directly. If

you

do not know the exact location of the program or document then click on Start button to

open

Run and type the programs shortcut name to open it directly.

Run Commands
start> run and enter the following commonds:

appwiz.cpl -- Used to run Add/Remove wizard

Calc --Calculator

Cfgwiz32 --ISDN Configuration Wizard

Charmap --Character Map

Chkdisk --Repair damaged files

Cleanmgr --Cleans up hard drives

Clipbrd --Windows Clipboard viewer

Control --Displays Control Panel

Cmd --Opens a new Command Window

Control mouse --Used to control mouse properties

Dcomcnfg --DCOM user security

Debug --Assembly language programming tool

Defrag --Defragmentation tool

Drwatson --Records programs crash & snapshots

Dxdiag --DirectX Diagnostic Utility

Explorer --Windows Explorer

Fontview --Graphical font viewer

Fsmgmt.msc -- Used to open shared folders

Firewall.cpl -- Used to configure windows firewall

Ftp --ftp.exe program

Hostname --Returns Computer's name

Hdwwiz.cpl -- Used to run Add Hardware wizard

Ipconfig --Displays IP configuration for all network adapters

Logoff -- Used to logoff the computer

MMC --Microsoft Management Console

Msconfig --Configuration to edit startup files

Mstsc -- Used to access remote desktop

Mrc -- Malicious Software Removal Tool

Msinfo32 --Microsoft System Information Utility

Nbtstat --Displays stats and current connections using NetBIOS over TCP/IP

Netstat --Displays all active network connections

Nslookup--Returns your local DNS server

Osk ---Used to access on screen keyboard

Perfmon.msc -- Used to configure the performance of Monitor.

Ping --Sends data to a specified host/IP

Powercfg.cpl -- Used to configure power option

Regedit --Registry Editor

Regwiz -- Registration wizard

Sfc /scannow -- System File Checker

Sndrec32 --Sound Recorder

Shutdown -- Used to shutdown the windows

Spider -- Used to open spider solitaire card game

Sfc / scannow -- Used to run system file checker utility.

Sndvol32 --Volume control for soundcard

Sysedit -- Edit system startup files

Taskmgr --Task manager

Telephon.cpl -- Used to configure modem options.

Telnet --Telnet program

Tracert --Traces and displays all paths required to reach an internet host

Winchat -- Used to chat with Microsoft

Wmplayer -- Used to run Windows Media player

Wab -- Used to open Windows address Book.

WinWord -- Used to open Microsoft word

Winipcfg --Displays IP configuration

Winver -- Used to check Windows Version

Wupdmgr --Takes you to Microsoft Windows Update

Write -- Used to open WordPad

sumber : http://forum.xcitefun.net/run-commands-t14924.html



20 Hidden Windows XP Tips

Useful Windows XP Tips, Tweaks


1. Total Uptime:
It boasts how long it can stay up. Go to the Command Prompt in theAccessories menu from the All Programs start button option, and thentype ’systeminfo’. The computer will produce a lot of useful info,including the uptime. If you want to keep these, type ’systeminfo >info.txt’. This creates a file called info.txt you can look at laterwith Notepad.



2. Delete Files Immediately:
You can delete files immediately, without having them move to theRecycle Bin first. Go to the Start menu, select Run… and type‘gpedit.msc’; then select User Configuration, Administrative Templates,Windows Components, Windows Explorer and find the Do not move deletedfiles to the Recycle Bin setting. Set it. Poking around in gpedit willreveal a great many interface and system options, but take care — somemay stop your computer behaving as you wish.



3. Lock XP:
You can lock your XP workstation with two clicks of the mouse.Create a new shortcut on your desktop using a right mouse click, andenter ‘rundll32.exe user32.dll,LockWorkStation’ in the location field.Give the shortcut a name you like. That’s it — just double click on itand your computer will be locked. And if that’s not easy enough,Windows key + L will do the same.



4. Remove System Software:
XP hides some system software you might want to remove, such as WindowsMessenger, but you can make it show everything. Using Notepad or Edit,edit the text file /windows/inf/sysoc.inf, search for the word ‘hide’and remove it. You can then go to the Add or Remove Programs in theControl Panel, select Add/Remove Windows Components and there will bethe software and you can now uninstall it.



5. Interesting New Commands:
For those skilled in the art of DOS batch files, XP has a number ofinteresting new commands. These include ‘eventcreate’ and‘eventtriggers’ for creating and watching system events, ‘typeperf’ formonitoring performance of various subsystems, and ’schtasks’ forhandling scheduled tasks. As usual, typing the command name followed by will give a list of options.



6. IP Version 6 Support:
XP has IP version 6 support — the next generation of IP. Unfortunatelythis is more than your ISP has, so you can only experiment with this onyour LAN. Type ‘ipv6 install’ into Run… (it’s OK, it won’t ruin yourexisting network setup) and then ‘ipv6 ’ at the command line to find out more. If you don’t know what IPv6 is, don’t worry.



7. Task Termination:
You can at last get rid of tasks on the computer from the command lineby using ‘taskkill /pid’ and the task number, or just ‘tskill’ and theprocess number. Find that out by typing ‘tasklist’, which will alsotell you a lot about what’s going on in your system.



8. ZIP Files as Folders:
XP will treat Zip files like folders, which is nice if you’ve got afast machine. On slower machines, you can make XP leave zip files aloneby typing ‘regsvr32 /u zipfldr.dll’ at the command line. If you changeyour mind later, you can change things back by typing ‘regsvr32zipfldr.dll’.



9. XP Has ClearType:
XP has ClearType — Microsoft’s anti-aliasing font display technology —but doesn’t have it enabled by default. It’s well worth trying,especially if you were there for DOS and all those years of staring ata screen have given you the eyes of an astigmatic bat. To enableClearType, right click on the desktop, select Properties, Appearance,Effects, select ClearType from the second drop-down menu and enable theselection. Expect best results on laptop displays. If you want to useClearType on the Welcome login screen as well, set the registry entryHKEY_USERS/.DEFAULT/Control Panel/Desktop/FontSmoothingType to 2.



10. Remote Assistance:
You can use Remote Assistance to help a friend who’s using networkaddress translation (NAT) on a home network, but not automatically. Getyour pal to email you a Remote Assistance invitation and edit the file.Under the RCTICKET attribute will be a NAT IP address, like192.168.1.10. Replace this with your friend’s real IP address — theycan find this out by going to WhatIsMyIP.com - 208.97.139.12 — and get them to make sure that they’ve got port 3389 open on their firewall and forwarded to the errant computer.



11. User Task Management:
You can run a program as a different user without logging out and backin again. Right click the icon, select Run As… and enter the user nameand password you want to use. This only applies for that run. The trickis particularly useful if you need to have administrative permissionsto install a program, which many require. Note that you can have somefun by running programs multiple times on the same system as differentusers, but this can have unforeseen effects.



12. Disable Default Notifications:
Windows XP can be very insistent about you checking for auto updates,registering a Passport, using Windows Messenger and so on. After awhile, the nagging goes away, but if you feel you might go insanebefore that point, run Regedit, go toHKEY_CURRENT_USER/Software/Microsoft/Windows/CurrentVersion/Explorer/Adva nced and create a DWORD value calledEnableBalloonTips with a value of 0.



13. Faster Startup:
You can start up without needing to enter a user name or password.Select Run… from the start menu and type ‘control userpasswords2′,which will open the user accounts application. On the Users tab, clearthe box for Users Must Enter A User Name And Password To Use ThisComputer, and click on OK. An Automatically Log On dialog box willappear; enter the user name and password for the account you want touse.



14. Delete Temp Internet Files Automatically:
Internet Explorer 6 will automatically delete temporary files, but onlyif you tell it to. Start the browser, select Tools / Internet Options…and Advanced, go down to the Security area and check the box to EmptyTemporary Internet Files folder when browser is closed.



15. Network Activity Light:
XP comes with a free Network Activity Light, just in case you can’t seethe LEDs twinkle on your network card. Right click on My Network Placeson the desktop, then select Properties. Right click on the descriptionfor your LAN or dial-up connection, select Properties, then check theShow icon in notification area when connected box. You’ll now see atiny network icon on the right of your task bar that glimmers nicelyduring network traffic.



16. Speed-Up Your Start Menu:
The Start Menu can be leisurely when it decides to appear, but you canspeed things along by changing the registry entryHKEY_CURRENT_USER/Control Panel/Desktop/MenuShowDelay from the default400 to something a little snappier. Like 0.



17. Batch Rename Files:
You can rename loads of files at once in Windows Explorer. Highlight aset of files in a window, then right click on one and rename it. Allthe other files will be renamed to that name, with individual numbersin brackets to distinguish them. Also, in a folder you can arrangeicons in alphabetised groups by View, Arrange Icon By… Show In Groups.



18. Album Cover Arts:
Windows Media Player will display the cover art for albums as it playsthe tracks — if it found the picture on the Internet when you copiedthe tracks from the CD. If it didn’t, or if you have lots of pre-WMPmusic files, you can put your own copy of the cover art in the samedirectory as the tracks. Just call it folder.jpg and Windows MediaPlayer will pick it up and display it.



19. Handy Shortcut Keys:
Windows key + Break brings up the System Properties dialogue box;Windows key + D brings up the desktop; Windows key + Tab moves throughthe taskbar buttons.



20. Windows File Protection:
Windows XP secretly KNOWS that the average user has no idea what theyare doing. Therefore, it doesn’t let you do really stupid things likedeleting the windows directory (at least not without spending severalhours convincing it that you REALLY want to do this).


voip-network-vulnerabilities-and-threats


Voice-over-Internet Protocol has been a subject of interest almost since the first computer network. By 1973, voice was being transmitted over the early Internet. The technology for transmitting voice conversations over the Internet has been available to end-users since at least the early 1980s. In 1996, a shrink-wrapped software product called VocalTec Internet Phone (release 4) provided VoIP along with extra features such as voice mail and caller ID. However, it did not offer a gateway to the PSTN, so it was only possible to speak to other Vocaltec Internet Phone users. In 1997, Level 3 began development of its first softswitch (a term they invented in 1998); softswitches were designed to replace traditional hardware telephone switches by serving as gateways between telephone networks.

Revenue in the total VoIP industry in the US is set to grow by 24.3% in 2008 to $3.19 billion. Subscriber growth will drive revenue in the VoIP sector, with numbers expected to rise by 21.2% in 2008 to 16.6 million.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a general term for a family of transmission technologies for delivery of voice communications over the Internet or other packet-switched networks. Other terms frequently encountered and synonymous with VoIP are IP telephony and Internet telephony, as well as voice over broadband, broadband telephony, and broadband phone, when the network connectivity is available over broadband Internet access.

VoIP systems usually interface with the traditional public switched telephone network (PSTN) to allow for transparent phone communications worldwide.

VoIP can be a benefit for reducing communication and infrastructure costs by routing phone calls over existing data networks and avoiding duplicate network systems. Skype and Vonage are notable service provider examples that have achieved widespread user and customer acceptance and market penetration.

Voice-over-IP systems carry telephony speech as digital audio, typically reduced in data rate using speech data compression techniques, packetized in small units of typically tens of milliseconds of speech, and encapsulated in a packet stream over IP.
As VoIP becomes increasingly popular and preferred mode of communication, it increasingly faces threats. Some of the vulnerabilities include:

* IP infrastructure: Vulnerabilities on related non-VoIP systems can lead to compromise of VoIP infrastructure.

* Underlying operating system: VoIP devices inherit the same vulnerabilities as the operating system or firmware they run on. Operating systems are Windows and Linux.

* Configuration: In their default configuration most VoIP devices ship with a surfeit of open services. The default services running on the open ports may be vulnerable to DoS attacks, buffer overflows, or authentication bypass.

* Application level: Immature technologies can be attacked to disrupt or manipulate service. Legacy applications (DNS, for example) have known problems.



Denial-of-Service or VoIP Service Disruption: Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks can affect any IP-based network service. The impact of a DoS attack can range from mild service degradation to complete loss of service. There are several classes of DoS attacks. One type of attack in which packets can simply be flooded into or at the target network from multiple external sources is called a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack.

DoS attacks are difficult to defend against, and because VoIP is just another IP network service, it is just as susceptible to DoS attack as any other IP network services. Additionally, DoS attacks are particularly effective against services such as VoIP and other real-time services, because these services are most sensitive to adverse network status. Viruses and worms are included in this category as they often cause DoS or Distributed DoS (DDoS) due to the increased network traffic that they generate as part of their efforts to replicate and propagate.

VoIP systems must meet stringent service availability requirements. Following are some example DoS threats can cause the VoIP service to be partially or entirely unavailable by preventing successful call placement (including emergency/911), disconnecting existing calls, or preventing use of related services like voicemail. Note that this list is not exhaustive but illustrates some attack scenarios.

* TLS Connection Reset

* VoIP Packet Replay Attack

* Data Tunneling (Not exactly an attack…)

* QoS Modification Attack

* VoIP Packet Injection

* DoS against Supplementary Services

* Control Packet Flood

* Wireless DoS

* Bogus Message DoS

* Invalid Packet DoS

* Immature Software DoS

* VoIP Protocol Implementation DoS

* Packet of Death DoS

* IP Phone Flood DoS

* Call interception

* Eavesdropping

linux-mint-from-freedom-came-elegance-installation-guide

Linux Mint is based on Ubuntu and the two distributions have much in common. Both distributions use the same software repositories. Linux Mint has its own repositories for Mint specific or Mint customized tools but also uses Ubuntu's repositories for other software. Most differences are on the desktop. Linux Mint has a stated focus on elegance, and it includes a number of applications that are not available in Ubuntu.

Linux Mint From Freedom Came Elegance Installation Guide

Linux Mint is an operating system for personal computers, focusing on elegance. While Mint is mostly based on (and compatible with) Ubuntu, the design of the user interface is considerably different. These differences include:

* A distinct user interface, including a simplified bootloader, desktop layout, theme, and the custom Mint menu.

* Installation of plugins required to play common media formats out of the box

* The Mint Tools, a collection of system tools designed to make system management and administration easier for end users.



Linux Mint is available for download in the form of ISO images, which can be used to create Live CDs or Live USBs. The latter can be created either manually or using UNetbootin.

Like many other Linux distributions, Linux Mint is available in different test versions or "branches". The branch with the newest features, or "unstable branch" of Linux Mint, is called "Romeo". It is not activated by default in Linux Mint releases. Users who wish to get cutting-edge features and help the distribution test new packages can add Romeo to their Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) sources.

New packages are first released in "Romeo", where they are tested by developers and community members who use it. After a package is found to be stable enough, it is backported to the latest stable release.

Linux Mint comes with its own set of tools aimed at making the experience easier for the user.

* MintInstall: A program to download software from Internet catalogs that distributes mint-files. A mint-file does not contain the software, but it contains all the information and sources to download that software. mintInstall allows users to add software through the use of .mint files.

* MintUpdate: Update-software designed specifically for Linux Mint. MintUpdate assigns updates a safety-level (from 1 to 5), based on the stability and necessity of the update. Updates can be set to notify users (as is normal), be listed but not notify, or be hidden by default. In addition to including updates specifically for the Mint distribution, the development team tests all package-wide updates. This system is designed to prevent inexperienced users from installing updates that are unnecessary or require a certain level of knowledge to configure properly. MintUpdate is currently in beta 1.5 and will be included in the next Mint release. If mintInstall is used to install a program from the default repositories, that program is able to receive updates via mintUpdate.

* MintDesktop: A desktop configuration tool for easy configuration of the Gnome desktop. Also acts as a background process to do various tasks upon login. Also network browsing is made easier (through fusesmb). MintDesktop has received a major overhaul in Mint 4.0.

* MintConfig: (Obsolete from Daryna.) A customizable control center. It gathers all the tools from "Preferences" and "Administration" and organizes them into categories. The purpose of mintConfig was to give users a control center since Gnome didn’t have one. In Daryna only the Gnome Control Center is present.

* MintAssistant: A customization wizard that appears during first log-in for users, asking a few questions to customize Mint based on the user's level of knowledge and comfort with various Linux components. It currently asks if the user wants to enable or disable fortune-cookies in the terminal, and if the root account should be enabled or disabled.

* MintUpload: An FTP client that uploads files to a server by right-clicking on the icons and selecting upload. The user will then be given a link he or she can give to other people for quick and easy sharing.

* MintSpace: The larger sibling of MintUpload. Provides an additional 1GB of storage space and files stay on the server for 7 days (rather than 2 days).

* MintMenu: A python-coded menu that allows for fully customizable text, icons, and colors. It shares the same hotlinks to software as the Gnome main menu.

* MintWifi: drivers for quite a few wlan gadgets and mintWifi.py . Located in /usr/lib/linuxmint/mintWifi



Software from the Mint repositories can be installed in Debian and Ubuntu as well through APT.


sentuhlah-dengan-hati

9-tips-membangun-bisnis-baru

kenapa-belum-sukses

langkah-sederhana-memulai-bisnis

cara-memulai-bisnis-internet-dan-cepat-dapat-uang

Tips-memilih-bisnis-online

Tips-berpromosi-otomatis-lewat-yahoomail

10-super-bisnis-masa-depan

memilih-bisnis-internet-yang-sesuai

syarat-sukses-bisnis-internet

kekuatan-network-marketing

belajar-dari-orang-kaya

beberapa-cara-mengeruk-banyak-uang-dari-internet

trik-berjualan-secara-online

menjadikan-internet-sebagai-sumber-penghasilan

memilih-bisnis-online-yang-aman-dan-menghasilkan

mulailah-bisnis-jangan-pedulikan-hasil

34-cara-ampuh-mempromosikan-blog-anda

5-jurus-dashyat-untuk-email-penjualan

Tips-agar-website-kita-dikenali-search-engine

trick-bergabung-dibanyak-milis yahoogroup

spam-versus-email-tertarget

Tips-cerdas-memilih-bisnis-reseller

8-alasan-orang-membuka-email

lakukan-sesuatu-untuk-sukses

5-faktor-penting-untuk-pemasaran-internet

bisnis-internet-dan-kontroversinya

jika-anda-karyawan-swasta-atau-PNS

jika-anda-mahasiswa-atau-pelajar

jika-anda-pengangguran-atau-korban-phk

mengapa-bisa-gagal-dalam-internet-marketing

7-fakta-kelebihan-bisnis-online

kiat-sukses-bekerja-dan-berbisnis-di-internet

ketahuilah-penyumbat-rezeki-anda

kunci-sukses-dan-kaya-raya-dari-bisnis-affiliasi

3-resiko-investasi-yang-paling-ditakuti

persiapan-penting-untuk-memulai-bisnis-online

mengenal-bisnis-money-game

mengapa-anda-harus-memiliki-bisnis-sendiri

7-alasan-utama-mempromosikan-suatu-bisnis-melalui-internet

10-bisnis-yang-paling-menjanjikan-dimasa-depan

apa-itu-giveaway-event

mereka-pada-umumnya-membuat-kesalahan-yang-fatal

4-rahasia-email-marketing-yang-teruji

7-prilaku-buruk-dalam-memulai-bisnis-internet

10-kiat-membuat-blog-anda-jadi-makin-terkenal

cara-memalsukan-identitas-email

hacker-indonesia-buktikan-satelit-rawan

kunci-sukses-dalam-menjalankan-affiliasi-program

5-tehnik-ampuh-promosi-bisnis-internet

karakter-yang-harus-dimiliki-untuk-menjadi-seorang-entrepreneur

6-langkah-menyusun-perencanaan-bisnis-internet

5-tips-menulis-artikel-online

hindari-bisnis-online-yang-dikuasai-adsministrator

memilih-bisnis-online-yang-aman-dan-menghasilkan

cara-mendapatkan-ide-bisnis

kelebihan-berpromosi-lewat-ebook

kisah-para-penipu-di-internet

Tips-agar-jadi-orang-sukses-dari-A-sampai-Z

11-hal-yang-paling-diperhatikan-dalam-troubleshoouting-PC-lambat

menghitung-bandwith

mendeteksi-penyusup-jaringan-lewat-dos

domain-name-system

tentang-firewall

langkah-langkah-strategis-menjalankan-bisnis-affiliasi

pengertian-dan-prinsip-kerja-LAN

rumus-sukses-dalam-memasarkan-produk-di-internet

8-tips-sukses-pemasaran-lewat-email

berpromosi-lewat-sarana-banner

Tips-agar-situs-anda-jadi-no-1-diyahoo

membuat-hobby-jadi-bisnis

speed-up-detailed-view-in-explorer

modify-the-windows-xp-system-property-logo

about-PC-and-software

90%-kunci-bisnis-diinternet-ditentukan-oleh-promosi

kunci-sukses-jangka-panjang

memilih-web-host-berkualitas

bagaimana-memilih-affiliate-program-yang-menguntungkan

9-killer-strategies-to-make-rich-with-adsense

ten-dangerous-online-activities

beda-PTC-dan-PPC

10-langkah-membuat-situs-web-anda-menjadi-mesin-penghasil-uang

pentingnya-mental-positib-dalam-bisnis-di-internet

checking-the-browser-setting

5-sebab-orang-menjadi-kaya

bisnis-ebook

pengertian-affiliate-marketing

mengenal-bisnis-di-internet